A Case Study in Applying Theories to Practice

A Case Study in Applying Theories to Practice Introduction The aim of this assignment is to show how a Social Worker would apply a Behavioural Method as an understanding and intervention on the case study supplied. I will do this by explaining what Behavioural Social Work is, how it is used in practice, how it meets the needs of the service user and identify personal challenges along the way. I will try to challenge my own views and ideals on the service user, and how these can be challenged for Anti-Oppressive Practice. The History of Behavioural Social Work â€Å"Most of what makes us truly human, most of what makes us individuals rather than ‘clones’, most of what gives us a discernible personality – made up of characteristic patterns of behaviour, emotion and cognition – is the result of learning† (Sheldon and McDonald, 2008). The Behavioural Perspective focuses on the individual and the relationship between stimuli in an environment and how it determines behaviour through learning (Westen, 2001). This is also how Behavioural Social Work is executed, by focusing on behaviour that is observable and changeable. Like other forms of social work methods it has been adopted from other disciplines, and in particular Psychology, but has been adapted to achieve measured outcomes and effective practice for Social Work (Watson and West, 2006). There are four main Theories that are relevant and used in Behavioural Social Work; The first behavioural theory is Respondent Conditioning , first introduced by Ivan Pavlov, who used experiments on dogs to discover how to condition a response after the presence of a certain stimuli has been removed. The second major behavioural theorist is B.F Skinner and his Operant Conditioning , he observed that the behaviour of organisms can be controlled by environmental consequences that either increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the likelihood of the behaviour occurring (Westen, 2001). He claimed that the outcome of behaviour was volunt ary and goal directed, and always controlled by the consequences the behaviour would lead to. The next behavioural theory identified is Social Learning Theory , which extends behavioural ideas and claims that most learning is gained by copying others around them, rather than them being reinforced as skinner claimed. That behaviour is shaped by observing others and interpreting it (Payne, 1997). The fourth behavioural theory is Cognitive Learning Theory and was introduced by Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck in the 1960’s, this is a theory that focuses on the way people perceive, process and retrieve information (Westen, 2001). A perception of the environment from previous experience. It was during the 1980’s that Social Work adopted behavioural theory as a method of working with service users, part of the reason for this was the ability of the theory to achieve realistic outcomes (Watson and West, 2006). The learning theory used in social work is a combination betwe en all four theories listed above; Respondent Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, The Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Learning. These are used to enable the social worker to observe behaviour and therefore intervene appropriately (Watson and West, 2006). The importance of behavioural social work is that the behaviour is learned and can therefore be unlearned. Cognitive learning theory focuses on this specifically and its engagement with cognitive processes which produce thoughts and feelings (Sheldon, 1995). Behavioural social work allows the service user to modify and change their behaviour through a process of reinforcement, both positive and negative, to produce a likeliness of a wanted behaviour occurring (Watson and West, 2006).

Week6 discussions Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week6 discussions - Article Example The Net Operating Loss occurs under various specific rules. First, the amount is carried back to two preceding tax years and applied against all the taxable incomes. Subsequently, this move gives rise to a tax rebate. Conversely, an individual or company can carry forward the amount to the next twenty years, applying it to all the possible taxable incomes. Noteworthy, the NOL becomes obsolete after the elapsing of the twenty years (Freitag, & Tax Management Inc., 2010). Therefore, the timing of an NOL should be very strategic in a bid to attain the highest tax benefit. From intensive deliberations in the e-activity, I would highly recommend that one should apply the Net Operating Loss in the earliest period possible. Substantially, this move will make more financial sense due to the favorable time value of money as opposed to the future unpredictable value of money. In this regard, a taxpayer will undoubtedly reap the highest tax benefit from a comparative aspect. In the event where a taxpayer will mix pleasure and business travel, a tax break will be evident. All the leisure expenses incurred during travel for work should be justified as business expenses. The biggest deduction error made by taxpayers subjected to auditing is the lack of accurate and well-dated receipts and events. Such confusions make it almost impossible for a validation from the IRS. Additionally, a big deduction mistake can occur when a taxpayer mixes business with pleasure by the subsequent use of the business telephone for private uses. With intensive scrutiny, the IRS would not validate such

Company research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company - Research Paper Example Delta’s other major hubs including John F. Kennedy International Airport, Narita International Airport, Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, and Salt Lake City International Airport. Currently the organization has an extensive domestic and international network spreading across 64 countries, and it was ranked as the world’s largest airline in 2013 by scheduled passengers carried. Based on the evaluation of different corporate aspects of Delta, this paper will draw some potential conclusions about the future scope of the company. Delta changed its old logo and introduced the 20th one (Figure 1) on 30th April 2007. The current logo is triangular in shape and red in color. One side of this triangular is slightly darker, and this shade adds some depth to the symbol. Similarly the company changes its marketing slogans from time to time, and the current one is ‘Keep Climbing’. The Delta operates both low cost airlines and full service airlines, and the company targets more on business travelers as well as other high ranked international travelers. The firm uses all traditional and modern media to reach its target markets. Delta pays great attention to internet based marketing and maintain official pages in Facebook and Twitter. In addition, the company invests largely in television advertising. Delta is one of the founding members of the SkyTeam airline alliance and the company has also engaged in joint ventures with Air France-KLM and Alitalia, Virgin Atlantic, and Virgin Australia. In addition, the Delta Air Lines has three major subsidiary businesses including Delta Private Jets, DAL Global Services, and Delta Vacations. The company’s strong presence in the global market coupled with its reputed corporate status assists the Delta management to operate its subsidiaries successfully. When operating subsidiaries, the company is able to share its

Miss America Essay -- Sociology, Pageant

â€Å"She represents the type of womanhood America needs, strong, red-blooded, able to shoulder the responsibilities of homemaking and motherhood. It is in her type that the hope of the country rests† (Martin & Watson, 2004, p.3). This was Samuel Gompers sharing his thoughts about the very first â€Å"Miss America†, Margaret Gorman. The Miss America Pageant was established in the most fitting of all decades: the 1920s. During a time when women were just starting to experience newfound independence and rights, the Miss America Pageant strengthened the idea that women had more freedom to express themselves. The competition began as a simple tourist attraction, but the fact that the Miss America Pageant survived throughout the decades exemplifies that the competition was so much more. In the year 1921, Conrad Eckhold, the owner of Atlantic City’s Monticello Hotel was looking for a way to keep tourists in town past Labor Day. After discussing the tourist problem with other Atlantic City business owners, the idea of a â€Å"Fall Frolic† was created. The Fall Frolic included a two-day competition to be called â€Å"Atlantic City’s Inter-City Beauty Pageant†, in years after it would be known as the â€Å"Miss America Pageant† (Miss America, 2/20/2011). To become a contestant, women across the country entered themselves into popularity contests that featured their pictures in the newspapers. Editors of the paper then chose winners based on physical appearance. The winners were then given a free trip to Atlantic City where they were placed in the Inter-City Beauty Pageant (Bivans, 1991). The â€Å"Fall Frolic† began with â€Å"King Neptune†, a man named Hudson Maxim, who wore a crown, seaweed robe, and long white beard. King Neptune announced the competitors and partici... ...ever, bad press was bound to come about. Younger girls were often spared criticism, being seen as young and fun-loving. The elder competitors, though, were greatly disapproved of because of the indecency of the pageant (Carter, 1977; Deford, 1971) The Miss America Pageant was a wake-up call for people everywhere. The roles of women were changing, and there was little anyone could do to stop it. New attitudes were showcased in the pageant by young women who were well-educated and ready to take on the world. They inspired people and showed America a different kind of woman, one who was proud of her looks, personality, and intelligence. Not everyone supported the pageant though, and those who did not made their opinions known. The competition had its fair share of scandals as well, but good or bad the Miss America Pageant has enthralled audiences long past the 1920s.

Is India Safe for Its Residents? Essay

In fact I think INDIA is the safest place to live in on earth for Indians.Yes I do agree that there is terror of terrorism; but then u need to firmly fight againstit. U can run off ur responsibilities by saying that India is not a safe place. Toh†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. do u think that settling down in foreign can make u feel secure If u think so ur definitely wrong!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Are Indians safe in a country like AUSTRALIA,infact Indians are insultedthere and where ever we go and what ever we do†¦..there is nothing that equals our mother and mother land. violence and problems maybe a trouble for us ..but i think there will be no placewith out problems †¦. what we need to do is justto manage ourselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ any ways to sum it up..INDIA IS THE SUPERIOR,THE SUPREME AND THE HEAVEN FOR INDIANS. right ______________________________________†¦ In India there has been lack of political will and assertive decision making to bring such fugitives to justice. Barely a month later, with the Delhi blasts this weekend, the NSA might have to revise his earlier estimate; his claimssound meaningless. Jammu and Kashmir is facing unrest. The Northeast is unsettled.West Bengal andTelangana are simmering, over 160 districts in 13 states are in the grip of left wing extremism. While the crime rate is growing, abductions and extortions have almost become an industry. The rangdari and supari culture is now a new brandof threat to the Indian citizen.Money laundering, hawala, small arms proliferation and human trafficking are on the rise. The debate on countering these internal threats, however,has been overwhelmed by politics, rather than deterrent action.While India seems tobe safe are Indians secure? Or are we on course to a functional anarchy? India’s current crisis of internal security has been a concern particularly since Decembe r 2001. When terrorists assaulted Parliament, they struck at India’s nerve centre; a qualitatively different target; and at variance with India’s previous experience with multiple threats of insurgencies, terrorism, left wing extremism, narcotic trafficking, religious fundamentalism and subnationalism. The Indian security apparatus and elite are largely indifferent, or have shied away from formulating an internal security doctrine. There has been no serious attempt to institutionalise a mechanism, direction or assertive policy to deal with â€Å"internal threats†; interim, ad hoc and incremental means have been the favoured methods adopted by successive governments. There is virtually no means to define coherentlythe enemy within. The continuous assault on Indian citizens and their psyche has shown clearly that the security apparatus has failed to plug the reocurrence of terrorist attacks. The intelligence fraternity gropes in the dark about the actual strength, source, capacity and logistics of the enemy’s next attack.With our domestic security apparatus going so horribly awry we can take it for granted that we will almost never apprehend the killers. Worse, these terror attacks and militancy are seen as merely a â€Å"law andorder† concern and treated as subject of state, whenever, political violence on a massive scale breaks out in a state, the police become the first responders. The police in India are trained, equipped and mentally conditioned to deal only with civil disorders.When confronted with serious threats to internal securitylike terrorism, insurgency and other proxy war situations, they find it difficult to respond effectively. In such a situation, the state seeks the expertise of paramilitary forces. Creation of fast track courts to avoid judicial delay and enactment of a deterrent anti-terror law would constitute an essential step forward. The need of the hour is toinstitutionalise, develop procedures and processesthat would boost inter institutional co-ordination, facilitate professional conduct of operations on athorough, professional policy analysis. Lack of professional mindset for informed debate, fierce expression of spite, bitterness and mutual political acrimony take place instead of constructive policy discussions

Distrigas Corporation - 1207 Words

Q1. As per the provided information the Gas Utility companies pays a base commodity charge of $.3359 plus a peak usage demand of charge that is $4.63 per Mcf multiplied by the total demand during the maximum take day in the last 12 months which is 240 in this case. The cost per MCF can be derived by the below formula (Commodity Base Charge * Total Demand) + (Peak Usage Demand Charge* High Peak in 1 day* months in year) This will translate into ($ 0.3359*30,700,000 Mcf)+ ($ 4.63*240*12) = $ 23,646,530 By substituting the appropriate values in the formula we arrive at a cost of $ 23,646,530. This cost is then divided by the total demand over 12 months of 30.7 Bcf or 30,700,000 Mcf to arrive at an average cost per Mcf of $ 0.7702 which†¦show more content†¦However, the proposal A for Distrigas would cost only $29,376,000, or savings of $252,140. The annual cost of Distrigas policy is $21,172,397.19. Distrigas strategy should be to maximize on its competitive rate and endeavor itself as a cost leader, promising speed delivery, reliability and meeting the right quantity when needed the most, all at most cost efficient rate possible. To be cost efficient it needs to operate economically such as storing the right amount of gas needed. It has to improve on its storage and deliver the gas in the best cost efficient using the right mode of transportation possible. The biggest threat could be when consumers like Boston Gas decide to build their own storage facilities and therefore start sourcing directly from the pipeline-gas providers, to be stored for usage during peak season. Q4. Proposal A: Slow Build up Strategy – In this proposal infrastructure will be built and machinery and trucks purchased to allow Distrigas to slowly build up inventories at the customer location. This strategy includes building a satellite tank which will serve as a reserve for the gas that is brought in by Alozean. It takes 250 days to build up inventories to satisfy peak demand. This model requires 6 trucks to carry the gas over the 250 day period. Field tanks will need to be built at the customer location in order to hold the gas that will service the peak demand and this will cost $Show MoreRelatedMultimodal Transport4849 Words   |  20 PagesL.P., †¢ ANR Pipeline Company — formerly Michican Wisconsin, †¢ Gas Transmission Northwest Corporation — formerly Pacific Gas Transmission, †¢ United Gas Pipeline Company, †¢ Maritimes Northeast Pipeline, †¢ National Fuel Gas Supply Corporation, †¢ Texas Gas Pipe Line Corporation, †¢ Viking Gas Transmission Company. LNG Importation/Export Terminals †¢ Distrigas Of Massachusetts LLC †¢ Dominion Cove Point LNG, †¢ Gulf Gateway Deepwater Port, †¢ TrunklineRead MoreFinancial performance of Exxon Mobil Corporation, Royal Dutch /Shell Group and BP Global6011 Words   |  25 PagesAbstract This project analyses financial performance and position by evaluating respective profit, loss and consolidation balance sheet of three worldwide oil companies Exxon Mobil Corporation, Royal Dutch /Shell Group and BP Global. The authors use three years (2002-2004) consolidated financing data of these companies as backup in the models to perform a comparative exercise and access the relative performance of financial accounting events. Vertical and horizontal analysis were used to evaluate

Rhetorical Analysis Of Letter From A Birmingham Jail

â€Å"Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly† wrote Martin Luther King, Jr. in his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail.† At the time, King, being the president of the Southern Leadership Conference, was an influential leader in the Civil Rights Movement and was imprisoned for holding a nonviolent protest in Birmingham, Alabama. On April 16, 1963, from his jail cell, King wrote this famous and lengthy letter, which was a response to a statement issued by eight white clergymen. Although the letter was directed towards these clergymen and represented his rebuttal, King’s letter had a much greater audience, which was all of those who were exposed to his powerful words. His letter spoke of many controversial issues involving racism at the†¦show more content†¦He is not simply a hypocrite who wished to complain about all that is being done wrong; he is speaking as one who truly has a care and concern for the church and is involved in it. Further more, King portrays his use of ethos when he expresses, â€Å"We will reach the goal of freedom in Birmingham and all over the nation, because the goal of America is freedom.† The majority of Americans will respond greatly to this statement because of how proud they are of America’s freedom, and it will appeal to their pride. Altogether, King builds trust in his readers and continually convinces them of his worthiness to speak on behalf of this issue because of the ethos he intermingled throughout his letter. Not only does King use ethos to make his letter compelling, but he also uses logos. By appealing to the logical side of a person, King strengthens his argument. With this in mind, one can see why he states numerous questions throughout his letter; it is an attempt to get the reader to logically think about what he is proposing. In particular, King proclaims, â€Å"In your statement you asserted that our actions, even though peaceful, must be condemned because the y precipitate violence. But can this assertion be logically made? Isn’t this like condemning the robbed man because his possession of money precipitatedShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1052 Words   |  5 Pagesracial discrimination is? A Rhetorical Analysis of Letter From Birmingham Jail It is known to all that Martin Luther King is a famous person in America, who strongly goes against the racial discrimination all the time. Here, in this letter, Letter from Birmingham Jail, it is easy for us to realize that racial discrimination appears and the non-violence action is still serious at that time. As a matter of fact, this letter is coming from the people in the Birmingham jail, stating their inner thoughtsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Letter from Birmingham Jail1517 Words   |  7 PagesDevin Ponder Eng291-001 13 September 2013 Rhetorical Analysis Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† by Martin Luther King, Jr., is a letter in which King is writing to his â€Å"fellow clergymen† in a response to their recent criticism of the actions he was leading in Birmingham at the time. The letter was written in April of 1963, a time when segregation was essentially at a peak in the south. Birmingham, in particular, is described by King as â€Å"probablyRead MoreSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†1708 Words   |  7 PagesSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested on April 12, 1963, in Birmingham, for protesting without a permit. The same day that King was arrested, a letter was written and signed by eight clergymen from Birmingham and titled â€Å"A Call for Unity†. The letter called for ending demonstrations and civil activities and indicated King as an â€Å"outsider†. On April 16, 1963, King responded to their letter with his own call, which has come toRead Moreâ€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail† Analysis of the Rhetorical Appeals1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthis when he wrote an open letter while in his jail cell after a peaceful debate against segregation. His lettered response was guided at a statement by eight white Alabama clergymen saying that segregation should be fought in court and not on the streets. King uses a combination of three rhetorical appeals to accomplish his rhetor; ethical, logical and emotional. The three appeals used together successfully persuade t he audience to believe King’s argument. The rhetorical trinity consists of threeRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1665 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a great example of an effective and cleverly written response by a complex but yet sophisticated leader of our time. It was written in response to an editorial addressing the issue of Negro demonstrations and segregation in Alabama at the time. He delivers the message in a way with sneaky superiority. He is inviting and open allowing the clergymen to feel as though they have contributed and will contribute. He is not condescending or belittlingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Letter From Birmingham Jail1066 Words   |  5 Pagesuphold a broader grasp of an audience that encompasses forwardness. Furthermore, the use of an Internet platform, such as Facebook, to present the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† would have accelerated a positive outcome to the brutality of Birmingham by broadening the audience without differentiating the rhetorical situation. Subsequently, the rhetorical situation of the publication via the Internet would remain only partially similar to the original copy. The intentions or purpose of the documentRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail837 Words   |  4 PagesIn the midst of the Civil Rights movement, Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr. found himself in a jail cell in Birmingham, Alabama, one of the most segregated cities in the United States at the time. While in that jail cell, King wrote Letter from Birmingham Jail in response to the city’s religious leaders. Through his use of ethos, pathos, and logos, King made a thought-provoking and powerful argument for the Civil Rights movement which continues to inspire change in the hearts of his audience, bothRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Rhetorical Analysis1136 Words   |  5 PagesKing Jr.’s Letter from the Birmingham Jail, he addresses eight white clergymen who fill his desk with disagreements and criticism of his acts of attempting to abolish segregation. To give a better understanding to his audience he correlates his speech with religion, signifying himself to be similar to the Apostle Paul, while speaking up about the injustice being done in Birmingham. Martin Luther King Jr. speaks strongly about being unable to stand back and watch the disputes in Birmingham unravel.Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1281 Words   |  6 Pagesam in Birmingham because injustice is here† (King 1). Martin Luther King Jr. is here to solve the racists issues and he says that in this quote. The way Doctor King protests inequality in the south should be acceptable and just. However, the white churchgoers and public officials somehow find a fault in King’s actions. I believe King did a great job in attempting not to offend anyone. All he was doing was trying to be the voice African American’s needed. In â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† KingRead MoreRhetori cal Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1178 Words   |  5 Pagesinjustice. During the 1960s when he wrote his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, segregation was a major controversy. There was a divide between African Americans and white Americans with racism and prejudice being very prevalent throughout this era. Public places, like restaurants and bathrooms, were being split up into sections based on race. As a nonviolent protester, King frequented in silent marches through southern cities, especially Birmingham, Alabama. The goal was to act in a nonviolent